An Analysis of the Politicisation of Religion and the Religionisation of Politics in Pakistan (1947-1988)

Abstract

This paper explores the twin phenomena of the politicization of religion and the religionization of politics in Pakistan—with a focus on the intricate link between politics and religion in the country historical trajectory. It is the norm rather than the exception that leaders—both civilian and military leaders—have used religion for political purposes in Pakistan. There is evidence of the use of religion for political ends in the pre-partition era. During the British colonial rule, Muslim leaders in the Indian subcontinent struggled for an independent state by presenting themselves as a separate nation— based on religion, culture, norms, values, and rituals—from the Hindus. Nevertheless, the founding fathers of Pakistan gave little serious thought to the role of religion in the post-independence state. That is why there exists inerasable confusion—both in the minds of the rulers and the ruled. However, the instrumental use of religion for political purposes and its integration into the state structure have allowed both civilian and military leaders to gain and prolong their stay in power. This political use of religion has affected the state and society. Theoretically, this research draws on insights from literature on the instrumentalisation of religion for multifarious political ends. Methodologically, the study is qualitative and is based on secondary sources, with data collected from books, research papers, research articles, and periodicals.